![]() ![]() ĭe Jong NH (2018) Fluency in second language testing: Insights from different disciplines. Lennon P (1990) Investigating fluency in EFL: a quantitative approach. Kovelman I, Baker SA, Petitto LA (2008) Age of first bilingual language exposure as a new window into bilingual reading development. TNS Opinion & Social at the request of Directorate-General Education and Culture D-GfTaD-GfI (2012) Europeans and their Languages. We show that BL patients have a lower incidence of intra-operative seizures, lower EOR, higher post-operative KPS and tolerate higher DECS current, in comparison to ML patients.īureau USC (2011) Language Use in the United States. BL showed lower drop in post-operative KPS in comparison to ML patients (− 4.3, − 8.7, respectively, P = 0.03). The post-operative KPS scores were higher in BL patients in comparison to ML patients (84.3, 77.4, respectively, P = 0.03). The extent of resection was higher in ML patients in comparison to the BL patients (80.9 vs. BL patients received a higher direct DECS current in comparison to the ML patients (average = 4.7, 3.8, respectively, P = 0.03). ResultsĠ (0%) BL and 3 (7%) ML experienced intraoperative seizures (P = 0.73). Patient demographics, education level, and the age of language acquisition were documented and evaluated. seizures) and DECS techniques during intra-operative brain mapping? (2) Is EOR different? and (3) Are there differences in the recovery pattern post-surgery? Methodsĭata from 56 patients that underwent left-sided awake craniotomy for tumors infiltrating possible dominant hemisphere language areas from September 2016 to June 2019 were identified and analyzed in this study 14 BL and 42 ML control patients. This investigation aims to address three questions between BL and ML patients: (1) Are there differences in complications (i.e. Intraoperative different languages, mapping, and localization are crucial. 20.8% of the United States population and 67% of the European population speak two or more languages.
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